DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes - Greek word - siphon

( that a lot of urine made )

Mellitus - latin word - Mel ( Mens )

↓

Honey 🍯

( Urin was sweet )

✴️DEFINATION

It is a metabolic disorder characterized by high level of glucose in blood due to decreased secretion of insulin and its action.

✴️ CAUSES

- Decreased production of insulin

- Beta - cell distraction

- diet pattern

- Heredity

- pregnancy

- obesity

- Hypertension

- High cholesterol

✴️ TYPE

Tupe - 1 diabetes

Tupe - 2 diabetes

TYPE :- 1 diabetes

~ idiopathic diabetes

TYPE - 2 diabetes

• Gestational diabetes mellitus

• Genetic defects of the B - cell

• Genetic defects in insulin action

• Diseases of the exocrine pancreas

• Endocrinopathies

• Drug chemical - induced diabetes

• Infection diabetes

• uncommon forms of immune - mediated diabetes

• Genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes

✴️CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS :

• Fatigue

• Blurry vision

• Increased thirst

• Frequent urination

• Sugar in the urine

• Dry skin

• Unexpected weigh loss

• Gum or bladder in Infection

  
  

✴️ NORMAL BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL

(1) Normal fasting blood sugar

70 – 100 mg/dL

(2) Prediabetes

Fasting blood sugar: 100 – 125 mg/dL

(3) Diabetes mellitus

Fasting blood sugar: ≥ 126 mg/dL

★ TYPE - 1 diabetes mellitus

• It is a 150 called as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

• It is also called as juvenile diabetes mellitus ( mostly present in child )

• In this type insulin are not produce

★ TYPE- 2 diabetes mellitus

• 80 - 90 % people suffering from type - 2 diabetes mellitus

• It is also called " Non - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM)

• Other name maturity onset diabetes (MOD )

• In this tupes of diabetes insulin is not produce in proper amount or resistance to glucose

✴️DIAGNOSIS EVALUATION

• History collection

• Physical examination

• Blood test

• Insulin test

• Urine analysis

• Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT )

• Fasting blood sugar (FBS )

• Random blood sugar ( RBS)

✴️ MANAGEMENT

Medical management

• Tupes - 1 ( 40 years / mostly in child

• insulin therapy dose - 1 unit

• on the basis of rate

- rapid acting insulin

- intermitted acting

Insulin

- long acting insulin

Tupes - 2

- Hypoglycemia

- metformin

- phenformin

( Decrease glucose level )

✴️ HEALTH EDUCATION

• Take medicines regularly – insulin or oral drugs as prescribed. 💊

• Follow diabetic diet – reduce sugar, eat balanced meals with more vegetables and fiber. 🥗

• Regular exercise like walking for 30 minutes daily. 🚶

• Monitor blood glucose regularly. 🧪

• Maintain healthy body weight.

• Foot care – keep feet clean and check daily for wounds. 🦶

• Avoid smoking and alcohol. 🚭

• Regular medical check-up to prevent complications.